Area and bar chart visualization of four immigration waves (1820–present). Wave 1: Old Immigration (NW Europe), Wave 2: New Immigration (S/E Europe), Wave 3: Restriction Era, Wave 4: Modern/Global. Each wave shows push/pull factors, origin countries, and historical context. Toggle key legislation markers (Chinese Exclusion Act, National Origins Act, Hart-Celler Act, IRCA). Peak year 1907 with 1.29M arrivals.